![](data:image/png;base64,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)
El proceso de la independencia peruana y el constitucionalismo en la formación
de la república: el aporte de los invisibilizados
487
Revista Oficial del Poder Judicial, 16(21), 2024, 479-502
indios, los mestizos y los afro articulen un programa concreto. Y, final-
mente, la tercera, los que proponen que la independencia fue gracias a
los esfuerzos de colectivos de distintos sectores sociales que tenían por
objetivo desvincularse de los patrones de dominación colonial (Flores
Galindo, 1987; O’Phelan, 1985). También existen tesis actuales como la
propuesta por Bermúdez-Tapia (2022), que afirma que la independencia
encontró a las clases sociales en un elevado grado de inmadurez cívica
y política, lo que explica su carácter invertebrado y disperso, situación
que a la fecha se mantiene y que expone la crisis actual. Por ello, en con-
sonancia con el estudio, se opta por la propuesta de O’Phelan y Flores
Galindo, pues representa una propuesta integral y sistemática; en suma,
es una perspectiva desde la óptica de la historia vista desde los de abajo,
desde los invisibilizados. Eso implica revisitar o revisar el clásico relato
del proceso de la independencia, como se hace a continuación.
2.1. Revisitando el relato tradicional del proceso de independencia
Cuando arribaron los españoles al Perú, este tenía una población de
nueve millones de habitantes, una vez terminada la Colonia y para 1821 se
estima que dicha población quedó reducida a un millón doscientos mil
habitantes (Manrique, 2006). De acuerdo con el censo ordenado por el
virrey Gil de Taboada y Lemos, en 1790 los habitantes de Lima, que era
el centro del dominio absoluto de la vida política, económica, social y
cultural del virreinato, ascendían a 18 892 españoles; 8960 afroperuanos;
3912 indígenas y 17 709 correspondían a los denominados quinterones,
cuarterones, mestizos, zambos, chinos y mulatos (Rosas, 2021). Con la
denominada época de conquista se instauró un nuevo sistema de orga-
nización social y económica, que dispersó la organización colectivista
inka, caracterizada por ser laboriosa, disciplinada, esclavista, panteísta y
con bienestar material para todos (Mariátegui, 2016).
Los españoles de aquel entonces impusieron su organización eco-
nómica basada en la explotación laboral y en el extractivismo minero,
sometieron a los nativos a la servidumbre en las encomiendas, las hacien-
das, las estancias y los obrajes; desplazaron sus creencias religiosas y
divinidades por las cruces, los santos, las vírgenes y los cristos, impusieron