![](data:image/png;base64,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)
De la recuperación democrática al riesgo de quiebre. La permanente
inestabilidad peruana (2001-2022) y sus posibles causas
419
Revista Oficial del Poder Judicial, 16(21), 2024, 399-428
figura como habilitante para su acción de manera taxativa (Cairo, 2013;
Eguiguren, 2008) y, prima facie, no debiera tener tan simple cabida en
la supuesta falta de incapacidad moral. Sin embargo, tanto PPK como
Vizcarra debieron abandonar el poder de manera prematura por acusa-
ciones soportadas bajo este rubro, suponiendo con ello una extensiva
interpretación de los congresistas peruanos del más agravado instrumento
político a su alcance y reforzando el carácter impredecible e inestable del
sistema.
Siguiendo la crítica al diseño institucional, debiera señalarse la con-
figuración del Congreso de la República. Su carácter unicameral, así
como el bajo número de curules (130 desde 2011), le confieren capacidad
para actuar de manera autónoma respecto al Ejecutivo en contextos de
marcada minoría oficialista y evidente oposición. Ciertamente, la litera-
tura (García Montero, 2009; Alcántara et al., 2005a; Santos etal., 2014)
tiende a considerar la bicameralidad como un freno orgánico al propio
Poder Legislativo, sustentado además tanto desde la óptica histórica
(Blanco, 2010) como desde el análisis comparado de casos recientes en
la región (Albala, 2009, 2016; Chasquetti, 2001, 2006). La experiencia
peruana post-2001 vuelve a ir en la senda de la literatura motu proprio: la
prevalencia del gobierno dividido y la ausencia de coaliciones en torno
al oficialismo terminaron incrementando la distancia entre poderes,
pero, sobre todo, potenciando la capacidad del Congreso para decidir
unilateralmente la suerte del Ejecutivo, afectando, cada vez más, a la
propia cabecera del Estado. Ello, además, con un Congreso fragmentado
y con multiplicidad de oposiciones, pero con capacidad para acordar,
ocasionalmente, el despliegue de los mecanismos de control político.
Sin embargo, y posiblemente de manera inesperada, la democracia
peruana logró sobrevivir a esta suma de amenazas, riesgos de quiebre e
incentivos institucionales para el desbloqueo unilateral sin consenso. En
efecto, una lectura positiva del recorrido transcurrido en el período ana-
lizado podría destacar el diferente desenlace en el autogolpe de Castillo
en 2022 con respecto al liderado por Fujimori en 1992. En esta reciente
ocasión, las instituciones democráticas sí lograron en última instancia
dirimir, reconducir y sancionar los ataques contra la legalidad vigente,
además de exhibirse una evidente oposición social ante el acaparamiento